Unanswered Issues With Global History Regents Thematic Essay Topics Uncovered

Unanswered Issues With Global History Regents Thematic Essay Topics Uncovered It would be best to provide an alternate assignment that meets the very same objectives but relies on a distinctive text or data collection. Your outline is what is going to guide the stream of your ideas. So far as the students are involved, writing a research paper is among the toughest and frustrating undertaking in their opinion. As a consequence, such students search for the best essay help to be sure their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in accord with all academic standards. Select 1 geographic feature and the way it affected the growth of a society. You are going to have crystal clear view of the way to put the entire staff together. Take a look at our price calculator to discover what your perfect price for the paper is! If you wish to obtain a research paper, online writing service like ours is precisely what you demand. There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You don't have to fill numerous order forms, get a great deal of passwords at virtually every step of order. You may pick a subject that appears to be relevant. The big challenge comes from how the search for the appropriate and intriguing subject is really challenging. Global History Regents Thematic Essay Topics Explained Though it has a number of similarities with other essay types, there are a few significant differences also. If you purc hase essays online, it's really important to understand whether the work is still in process or has been finished. For any essay, obtaining a prewritten draft is crucial. Since you may see, the structure is comparable to other essay types. Another thing that's always fantastic to do is to find somebody else to read your paper. In case you have any doubts don't hesitate to contact Professays.com. When in doubt look for the most often brought up talking point, and you'll get the heart of the essay. Your stand, ideas and opinions on the topic also needs to be reflected in your conclusion. For instance, you may choose the historic fact or a social issue for a topic for your essay. As the chief purpose of a thematic essay prompt is to produce the student respond to the particular questions, so give your solution at the end! The same as in the debut, it is possible to also end with a question or a quote which best describes your argument. Appropriate examples and statistical data can likewise be added evidence to construct on the paragraph. What Is So Fascinating About Global History Regents Thematic Essay Topics? Now it's important to reread your essay. An essay cannot be polished enough. Your essay should begin with the introduction. It should go short and concise. Regardless, you should learn a few other necessities if you wish to create an appropriate project. It's essential that students understand just what they are predicted to write about in the essay. After the stated theme, students receive a task that they must complete in essay format concerning the theme. Let's start from the very start and talk about how to compose a thematic essay. If you don't find out how to compose a thematic essay, there's always a means out we can write an essay for you. A theme essay must be persuasive and simple to read, that's why choice of an intriguing topic is vitally important. Use these strategies to choose the central theme of this sort of academic essay. Just consider it how many excellent things you might do instead of boring writing. In case, you feel that it's impossible to compose your thematic essay in time or you're not sure you're writing it properly use our help. As soon as you get familiar with the subject, you need to select your side. There is a huge selection of topics that may be utilised to compose impressive parts of academic writing. Being an intricate job, essay writing is connected with many mistakes students have a tendency to make. The essay body is the principal part. A standard essay is created of 5 paragraphs. Writing an effective essay demands careful attention to detail and capability to organize your thoughts about the major subject of your research. It is crucial to opt for the most significant idea depending on the prompt. The question of cost is definitely interested to many, and frequently the very first location, he's going to be executed properly. How much you could earn while your paper work is being done by somebody, who knows the way to do it correctly! It is essential to identify and disclose the principal subject of the studied work. But What About Global History Regents Thematic Essay Topics? Since you are able to see, students will definitely face a number of challenges should they need to turn into a member of the buy essay club. Students must list the tasks that will need to b e dealt with. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Some students make two or even 3 drafts before they may be pleased with their work, as a consequence they get good marks.

Great Topics For History Research Papers

Great Topics For History Research PapersWhen students study history it is not always easy to come up with a history research paper topic that is fascinating. There are many types of history subjects that may interest a student, but these topics can be quite broad. If the class does not seem like the right choice, then they should look at the different topics that are available.The Civil War is a good subject to work on, especially if the student is going to be working with their professor on this. There are a lot of different topics that may interest the student and they should try to think of one that is worth learning about. Students should consider all of the different conflicts between the United States and other countries throughout the years.Another interesting topic to consider when choosing a history research paper topic is the times that our country has changed throughout the years. A student may not even realize how much the Civil War has changed since it was first fought. They can look at the different changes that have occurred throughout the country and see what has changed through out the country.The United States of America is considered to be the most important country in the world today. It would be a very interesting subject to choose from when studying a history research paper. Students will want to look at the various changes that have occurred in the country over the years.Students may want to consider an interesting topic that relates to the relationship between the African-American and the U.S. American people. In some ways the relationship between the different groups of people who live in the country today has been unique.History is always interesting, but when there is so much research that goes into it then the student can really dig in to the subject. These are two very important things to consider when choosing a history research paper topic. Before students begin the task of researching the different topics they should consider the theme of the class.Most classes will have a year end list made up of their top ten topics for the semester. Students can use these lists to help them narrow down their choices. Not all students will choose the same topic as each group of students will choose something different from the others.Teachers will need to keep an eye on how students are doing and make sure that they do not give too much preference to one topic over another. Teachers will need to be able to determine the best way to handle the students' research papers. If they can do this, then the class will be more successful.

The Benefits of College Board College Essay Questions

The Benefits of College Board College Essay Questions The Civil War left a lasting effect on the USA, shaping the upcoming several decades for the nation. Personal Achievements Colleges are interested in students who have achieved in some region of their lives. For extra support and data about the SAT and more, see the College Board site. Moreover you must make certain that you use paragraphs and adhere to the guidelines set out for the usage of primary and secondary sources. Whenever you choose to ask us for expert help, don't hesitate to speak to our support managers. More likely than not, you will have the ability to use some college essays from 1 application to a different application. 4, which means you ve completed a term papers. You will need to create a study schedule and stick with it. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment right away and can help you boost your grades. Another sample question indicates a scatter plot showing the variety of Fl orida manatees over several years and asks students to ascertain the typical yearly rise in the variety of manatees. The admission process does not need to be scary, though, with just a little preparation, you can place yourself up for success! You're attempting to show colleges your very best self, therefore it might appear counterintuitive to willingly acknowledge a time you struggled. Colleges are not searching for perfect men and women. Participating in such a massive study from begin to finish has validated my interest in academic research for a profession. Each applicant is unique and, thus, will want to deal with distinctive weaknesses and trumpet unique strengths. Some additional time might be needed so students may add the SAT Essay on-site. If your college demands the essay part of the exam, you might want to do some extra preparation. Remember that the grade you get on your papers is just a part of your overall grade for the training course, and you're totally fr ee to retake the proctored final exam as well in the event that you opt for. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for College Board College Essay Questions There are many steps that you can follow to make sure that your essay prompts are answered in the very best way possible. There isn't a prompt to steer you, and that means you must ask yourself the questions that will get at the center of the story that you want to tell. In addition, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Your reply shouldn't be a book report. Prepare and practice writing a superb essay demands synthesis of material that can't be carried out in the 20 30 minutes you've got during the exam. For instance, narrating a sequence of thoughts you might have had about a specific issue or experience provides the reader a chance to realize how you believe. Many students make the error of believing that this is an essay about an individual. Make it pretty neat as you'll use it throughout the remainder of the essay procedure. Bad handwriting isn't considered a disability. Some people today find the college application procedure to be grueling. You've got an amazing future ahead of you, kid even if you decide to need a small work by means of your punctuation and grammar. College Board College Essay Questions - the Conspiracy Put simply, do not choose someone as you think that it will impress the committee. The College Board isn't going to tackle that question, since it cuts at the center of its enterprise model. At precisel y the same time, however, clearly someone might have used a small Journalism 101. The Importance of College Board College Essay Questions Other questions refer to the whole essay or regions of the essay and request that you think about the essay's organization, development, or effectiveness of language. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Context in demand of romeo and entrance essays describe a simple essay personal essay. Share an essay on any subject of your selection. The topic I have chosen to write about for a college essay is a tiny controversial. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. The college essay is intended to share what makes you an individual, and writing in your voice can assist the essay stick out. Employing real sample college essays that worked will offer you a terrific idea about what colleges search for.

School Transportation Essay Samples - Learn How to Write Your Own School Transportation Essay

School Transportation Essay Samples - Learn How to Write Your Own School Transportation EssaySchool transportation scholarship essays help you assess your situation. Not only do they aid in assessing a situation, but they also help you understand what the requirements of a scholarship are. They include your strengths and weaknesses, as well as the money being offered to you. This helps to create a realistic assessment of where you stand and what needs to be done to improve your chances of winning a scholarship.The first step towards creating a school transportation scholarship essay is to come up with a compelling argument. Your essay should not be just a repetition of your research, but it should contain some of your personal stories that portray you as a person. You will want to add value by offering several details that will lead to your essay becoming more valuable. These include how much you plan to work for the scholarship, or if you plan to work at all in order to receive a sc holarship. It is also a good idea to go over the requirements for winning a scholarship, as well as the expected result of completing your scholarship.School transportation essay samples can be found on the Internet. Simply enter your subject and writing style into any of the search engines and be amazed at the results. Once you have chosen an essay sample that is appropriate for your topic, it is time to write your essay. Review your chosen essay sample, and then do the same to others with a similar topic. Do this until you have a set number of samples to look through.If you find some essays samples that seem more appropriate to your subject, or with a subject that is close to yours, then you can copy and paste your essay into the document. Now is the time to provide some highlights, such as pictures and short articles. You may also add your reasoning why you are being considered for a scholarship, which will give you something to put in your essay.It is best to study other essays samples to see how the style is written, as well as the structure. Some examples include reports and statements from the library, newspaper clippings, and a photo essay. Then when you have a few samples that are written to your topic, you can begin writing your own essay.The main task is to put together a more interesting explanation of your situation. However, you should also consider presenting evidence that will convince the admissions officer that you are worthy of receiving a scholarship. In your essay, you should provide the reader with a reason for the offer. This will greatly increase your chances of winning a scholarship, so do not skimp on writing about why you deserve the scholarship.School transportation essay samples are readily available online, so get started now. You will soon find yourself on your way to obtaining a scholarship, and this is how you will learn how to write your own essay.

Selena Perez Essays - Selena, Chris Prez, Dreaming Of You

Selena Perez Imagine what it would be like to grow up as a performer in a world that didn't even except female Tejano singers? Can you imagine how much courage and work it would take to make it to the top? That's was Selena Quintanilla Perez had to go through. Selena was born in Lake Jackson, Texas on April 6th, 1971 to Abraham and Marcella Quintanilla. Abraham was a shipping clerk for a chemical company and Marcella was a housewife. Abraham being a well respected Mexican musician, who only sang English songs, and had his career ruined because of that. American people didn't respect him because he was Mexican, and the Mexican people did not respect them because they sang English songs. By the time Selena reached age 10, it became very obvious that Selena was a natural born performer and that she had a great amount of singing talent. Abraham decided to start a band, he was afraid that the same thing would happen to her, so he decided to teach her some Spanish songs, but one problem, Selena only knew how to speak English, so Selena went on with most of her life not even knowing what the words meant that she was singing. Well in order to start the band they would need more then Selena so Abraham made Abraham III (nicknamed A.B.) her older brother, and Suzette, her older sister. A.B. already knowing the drums, Suzette already knowing the drum, and Selena having an awesome voice started their band, "Selena Y Los Dinos". They started practicing together and performer a little. In 1980, Abraham and Marcella opened up a Mexican restaurant. At first business was booming, Abraham even had to quit his shipping clerk job to devote his full time and attention to the restaurant. Unfortunatly after the Texas Oil Bust of 1981, the restaurant went bankrupt and had to be shut down. So Abraham bought a bus and "Selena Y Los Dinos" began to tour the Texas countryside. At age 13 Selena had to leave 8th grade and start taking high school correspondence courses by mail. Selena sang almost exclusively Spanish. She sang a Tex-Mex pop called Tejano. They made there first recording in 1984, slowly people started to notice and love Selena, but by her being a female Tejano performer, no one thought she would actually last, because the Tejano industry of music was ruled over by men, and although many women had tried, they rarely made it to stardom. Little did they know that "Selena Y Los Dinos" would climb the charts and end up being the top Tejano band in the country. It was in 1987, that they really started to make it to the top. All the recording and touring throughout the 80's finally paid off, because in 1987 "Selena y Los Dinos" came to national attention, when Selena won a Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist and Performer of the Year. It was a great accomplishment for a 15 year old girl. Until then the two categories didn't even exist. Her fame was definitely being brought to the Latino communities, but Selena wanted more. In 1989, Selena and her band were signed to EMI, also known as Capitol Records, releasing there album a year later. Over the next few years Selena became one of the most popular Tejano Performers. In 1992, Selena and her lead guitarist Chris Perez eloped, after her father had forbid for them to see each other. Her family later welcomed him into the family with open arms. In 1994, Selena's first mainstream exposure came in, she played a singer in the 1993 film Don Juan DeMarco. Also in 1994 she won a Grammy for "Best Mexican/American Album" for her album "Selena: Live". It was her first time ever being nominated for a Grammy. Also, later that year she opened "Selena Ect." Two fashion boutiques located in Texas. Her outstanding success, concerts, and now boutiques attracted many fans, including Yolanda Salvidar, who would have a big effect on Selenas life later on. Toward the very end of 1994 Selena signed a major world wide English- language crossover album recording contract. "Dreaming of You" was released in February 1995. With sales booming and Selena holding a record breaking concert at the Houston Astrodome where over 61,000 fans attended, there was no thought in anyone's head that anything could stop Selena. And then tragedy struck... After the record-breaking concert, Selena and her father came to realize that Yolanda Salvidar, who was now her fan club president,

Identification of Gram negative bacteria using biochemical tests, including API The WritePass Journal

Identification of Gram negative bacteria using biochemical tests, including API Abstract Identification of Gram negative bacteria using biochemical tests, including API AbstractIntroductionMethodConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract Four pure, unidentified cultures of (gram positive cocci) bacteria, labelled A-D were cultured on various agar media. Also an API test was simulated to identify another unidentified bacterium. Identification of bacteria is important when choosing an effective treatment for a microbial-causing illness. This experiment focused on the cultural and biochemical characteristics of bacteria in aid of identification. Under aseptic conditions, each of the four unidentified bacterium were cultured using the bile aesculin, manitol salt and the blood agar plates provided. These were then incubated for over a week and then observed. A catalase and Voges-proskauer were also carried out to verify the identity of the 4 strains of bacteria. Bacteria that produced air bubbles in the catalase test (as oxygen is one of the products formed, in the presence of the enzyme catalase) and a red colour change for the Voges-proskauer (bacteria is able to produce a compound called acetylmethylcarbinol), both ind icative of a positive result. For simplicity, the end cultures were compared with a table of results provided in the experiment to confirm the identity of Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. The first culture easily identified as Streptococcus pyogenes   produced a visible ÃŽ ²-haemolysis on blood agar; with an obvious clear zone around the colonies and was also unable to grow on manitol salt agar. The other strains were then determined from the various biochemical tests, as all bacterium possess particular characteristics that distinguish them from other genera. The bacterium used in the API was identified as Staphlyococcus. aureus, by use of an identification table, provided by the manufacturer of the API. However in a normal setting various other tests would have to be conducted to conclude the genus and species of the bacteria. Introduction Gram positive and gram negative bacteria have a rigid cell wall called peptidoglycan and this can be used to distinguish between the two groups. Gram positive bacteria have a very thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. They also have the lipopolysaccharide layer absent. (Madigan et al., 2009) Gram positive bacteria usually appear purple and gram negative bacteria can be red to pink in colour with the use of gram staining. (Madigan et al., 2009) Once established the fact that the bacterium belong to gram positive group, the Dichotomous Key of Gram Positive bacteria can be used to differentiate bacteria by use of various biochemical tests. (Willey et al. 2008) The isolation and identification of bacteria is an essential diagnostic tool in microbiology, especially investigating pathogenic bacteria that cause infectious diseases. The clinician and microbiologist work together in this identification process. (Willey et al. 2008) Samples from the suspected infected area of a patient can be extracted and grown aseptically on agar medium to avoid contamination; these mixed cultures are then separated to produce single colonies of a genus bacterium. The shape of the bacteria can be determined by microscopy (using gram staining or other staining techniques for acid-fast bacteria), and culturing of the bacteria on various media – selective, differential and certain characteristic (metabolic) media. (Willey et al. 2008) Selective media only allow certain bacteria to grow, whilst differential media are used to distinguish bacteria from others, in the presence of some form of dye or indicator. (Madigan et al., 2009)   It is also important to note the conditions bacteria are able to grow in, as some may tolerate the presence of oxygen (aerobes) whilst others will not (anaerobes). The presence of specific enzymes enables aerobic bacteria to grow, whilst anaerobic bacteria cannot. (Madigan et al., 2009)   Voges-Proskauer tests distinguish bacteria that are able to produce fermentation, especially when they cannot respire aerobically. (Willey et al. 2008) When microscopy and culturing methods alone are not adequate enough to identify a species, specific biochemical tests are carried out. These tests are used to eliminate the number of possible pathogens causing the illness in question; by comparing the unidentified pathogen with the known metabolic characteristics stored on computer databases. (Madigan et al., 2009) These may include testing for products the bacterium may produce (due to a presence of specific enzyme/s) or even their ability to grow on either selective or differential media or a combination of the two. However some require further investigative tests to identify the bacteria. (Madigan et al., 2009)  Ã‚   An example is the coagulase test, which differentiates S.aureus from S.epidermidis, coagulase has the ability to clot plasma. (Willey et al. 2008)   Once the bacteria have been identified, antibiotic sensitivity tests (susceptibility tests) may be performed in order to determine which antibiotic/s would be most ef fective in treating the illness related to the microorganism. (Willey et al. 2008) The ability of bacteria to produce catalase is an important biochemical characteristic, aerobic bacteria are able to secrete specific enzymes this characteristic can be manipulated in identification. (Madigan et al., 2009)   Aerobic bacteria are able to neutralise hydrogen peroxide (that would otherwise be toxic to it) by converting it to water and oxygen. Bubble formation would indicate a positive result of this reaction taking place. (Greenwood et al., 2007) This test helps to identify streptococcus from staphylococcus. (Willey et al. 2008) Further more some bacteria may have the ability of secreting other enzymes like superoxide dismutase and peroxidise. This depends on the growth conditions the bacteria require, to neutralise free (unpaired) oxygen radicals that would otherwise destroy the normal functioning of bacterial cells. These radicals are the result of oxygen being reduced in the electron transport chain.   (Willey et al., 2008) Indicator medium of blood agar (usually containing horse blood) is used for the haemolysis test to indicate if the bacterium produces a specific toxin (haemolysin) this is a common virulence factor that pathogenic bacteria possess. A positive result indicates the bacterium possesses this toxin. (Willey et al. 2008)   The toxin is able to lyse erythrocytes by forming pores in the cell surface, releasing its contents – haemoglobin and other ions. (Willey et al., 2008) This can be observed on blood-agar as a clear halo with no distinct colour around the colonies, called ÃŽ ²-haemolysis. Partial (ÃŽ ±) haemolysis leaves a slight green discolouration, as hydrogen peroxide oxidises haemoglobin to methaemoglobin. (Greenwood et al., 2007) Bile aesculin agar is selective and differential, black formation on the culture plate would indicate the ability of the bacterium to hydrolyse aesculin and mix with ferric citrate. (Mahon and Manuselis, 2000) The manitol salt agar is an example of selective media that only allows growth of specific bacteria to grow, thus it can be used in biochemical tests. This is due to the high concentration of salt within this medium, which inhibits most bacteria from growing. (Mahon and Manuselis, 2000) Rapid identification of a microorganism can be determined by the use of an API (Analytical Profile Index) or manual ‘kit’ (Willey et al. 2008)  Ã‚   that contains 20 microtubules with dehydrated substrates, once inoculated with bacteria and left to incubate; the various wells produce colour changes when reagents are added. These colour changes are related to the metabolic characteristics of specific bacteria that can be matched to an identification table. The use of current technology enables one to study the genomic and antigenic structure of microorganisms and is thus useful in identification. The use of PCR and electrophoresis can be used in Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and genomic fingerprinting. (Willey et al. 2008)  Ã‚   Also the various surface proteins especially antigens can be identified for its interaction with particular antibodies by immunofluorescence or agglutination technique. This technique may yield rapid results and streptococci associated with sore throats can be identified this way; however these tests are not as accurate as the culturing techniques. (Champoux et al., 2004) New and more accurate technologies are being studied such as the use of Biosensors. (Willey et al., 2008) Staphylococci have a round shape (from the Greek word ‘kokkos’ meaning a berry.) these bacteria form clusters like grapes (derived from the Greek word ‘staphule’) Staphylococci also have a slime layer, and are mainly found on the surface of skin.(Heritage et al., 1999) These aerotolerant anaerobe are able to grow in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Although Staphylococcus aureus is harmless living on the surface of the skin, it is able to cause serious illness like septicaemia when it enters open wounds. (Mandal et al., 1996) This bacterium can also become an opportunistic pathogen, responsible for epidemics like MRSA due to resistance of the antibiotic methicillin and emerging resistance to vancomycin. (Willey et al., 2008) A quick biochemical test called Staphaurex can also be used. (Willey et al., 2008) Streptococci are facultative anaerobes and do not form any gas products, as they produce lactic acid fermentation and will therefore catalase negative. (Willey et al., 2008)   The streptococcus genera cover an extensive group of bacteria – the cocci that are spherical in shape and thus placed into 3 groups: pyogenic, oral and other (colon) streptococci. (Greenwood et al., 2007)   Virulence factors produced by the pathogenic bacteria (pyogenic) like the presence of streptolysin, have the ability to lyse erythrocytes and can inhibit the host’s immune response as it kills leukocytes. Haemolysis is a key step to identify pyogenic (harmful) streptococci from other streptococci. (Willey et al., 2008) The species E. faecalis can be found in the intestinal tract, it has the ability to cause opportunistic infections like urinary tract infections (UTI) and also is able to grow in 6.5% sodium chloride, and can resist certain antibiotics. (Willey et al., 2008)   The enterococcus group are closely related to the streptococcus group, but are associated more within the intestinal area. (Champoux et al., 2004) The species M.luteus are obligate aerobes in that they rely completely on oxygen to survive and so can be found on one’s own microbiota, the surface of skin. (Madigan et al., 2009) Method A week before identification, 4 unidentified pure strains labelled (A-D) were each cultured on blood, bile aesculin and manitol salt agar that corresponded to each letter. The streak-plate technique was applied, a loop used to transfer the bacteria to the agar plates was sterilised under an open flame and left to cool, before each set of streaks. After a week, the agar plates were all examined and the type of results they produced was recorded. A single colony (seen by naked eye) was removed from the original (ordinary) agar plates. Each of these was inoculated over a few days and used for the Voges-Proskauer test. The reagents alpha napthol and 40% KOH were added, the tubes were then observed for colour changes. Also a catalase test was carried out, an inoculated loop was used to transfer a small amount from each strain (from the ordinary agar plates) to a microscope slide and hydrogen peroxide was added. Those that bubbled were noted as positive. All results from the various bioche mical tests were compiled in table format the catalase; Voges-Proskauer; haemolysis (blood agar); ability to produce aesculetin (bile agar) and ability to grow (on manitol salt agar). The 4 strains of bacteria were thus identified. Separately, an API test was simulated of an ‘unidentified’ staphylococci bacterium. Each well of the incubation box for the API was filled with distilled water followed by an ampoule of the bacteria which was inoculated and prepared to the correct McFarland standard tube of 0.5. Mineral oil filled the outlined wells. The box was incubated for a few days; reagents were added to the corresponding wells and after 10 minutes observed for colour changes. Reagents VP1 and VP2 were added to the VP well; NIT1 and NIT2 to NIT well and lastly Zym A and Zym B to PAL well. The test colour result for each well was then noted (either positive or negative) on an API Staph strip and matched with the identification table of the various Staphylococcus species. The staphylococcus species was thus identified. Results The 4 unidentified strains (labelled A-D) were exposed to various biochemical tests, the results from these are given below. Table 1: Results from the gram positive strains Results from the API test: A bacterium was then identified by the use of API test, a colour indication table was also provided to determine if the results were positive or negative. These results were jotted down on a test strip and compared with a test table to identify the species of Staphyloccocus. Figure 1: Test strip Figure 2: Identification Table of Staphylococcus species   (Provided by API Manufacturer) Discussion  Ã‚   Observation of the colour and characteristics of the pathogen, with the use of various biochemical tests can identify the bacterium causing the infection. (Madigan et al., 2009) This can be applied in this experiment. Referring to Table 1: The ability to produce haemolysis is dependent on bacteria to secrete a toxic substance called haemolysin, which is able to lyse red bloods cells. Thus blood agar is used which is a differential medium. (Willey et al., 2008) The type of haemolysis bacteria produce can be observed by the naked eye, as clearing zones around the colonies. A ÃŽ ²-haemolysis results in distinct, colourless clear zones of colonies, as the erythrocytes (of the blood agar) have completely lysed. The species S. pyogenes has the ability to secrete exotoxins, depending incubation conditions it will either secrete Streptolysin-O (anaerobic) or Streptolysin-S (aerobic). The pyogenic bacteria are distinguished from other streptococci by producing ÃŽ ²- haemolysis. (Willey et al., 2008) Whilst ÃŽ ±-haemolysis is the partial destruction of erythrocytes with some clearing and slight green discolouration, it is not as distinct as ÃŽ ²-haemolysis. The green tinge is a result of haemoglobulin being oxidised. Conversely M luteus and E. Faecalis produce Æ”-haemolysis i.e. no colour change or clearing zone on the agar as the bacteria are unable to produce haemolysin. (Greenwood et al., 2007) Furthermore the Lancefield method together with haemolysis testing can be used to identify pathogenic streptococci from other less evasive streptococci. (Greenwood et al., 2007) The Lancefield method involves the agglutination of antibodies with the cell wall antigens (C polysaccharide) each serotype is classified A-T, depending on the sort of antigen-polysaccharide nature of this reaction. (Willey et al., 2008). Voges-proskauer is used to indicate if the bacteria in question produce fermentation, this would depend on their culture needs – especially anaerobic bacteria which are unable to respire without the electron transport chain. (Willey et al., 2008) The red colour produced is a test positive for the production of acetoin or acetylmethylcarbinol in glucose fermentation. (Champoux et al.,2004) Referring to Table 1, S. aureus tests positive as it’s a facultative anaerobe. (Willey et al., 2008) Whilst M. luteus and Str. pyogenes can grow in aerobic conditions and so do not require the principles of fermentation, they test negative. Conversely, unlike anaerobes ability to produce fermentation, most aerobes possess the enzyme catalase. A positive catalase test results in bubble formation when hydrogen peroxide is added to a bacterium. The enzyme catalase is able to form water and oxygen from hydrogen peroxide. (Madigan et al., 2009)   The Streptoccocus pyogenes produce no gas, and instead utilise lactic acid to break down sugars. (Willey et al., 2008)   They catalase negative as the enzyme catalase is not present; so cannot break down hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen. (Greenwood et al., 2007) Staphylococcus tests positive and can utilise glucose to form acidic products. (Madigan et al., 2009) It’s also an aerotolerant anaerobe, it may lack the enzyme superoxide dismutase which can break down superoxide radicals, but can make use of manganese ions instead. This may have been an adaptative mechanism when the very first forms of bacteria were exposed to oxygen. (Madigan et al., 2009)   This en zyme is common in most pathogenic bacteria, and increases their virulence by neutralising the otherwise toxic hydrogen peroxide and minimizing death by phagocytosis by host cells. (Champoux et al., 2004)   M. luteus grow in aerobic conditions and can only utilise glucose in these conditions, this would explain why it would catalase positive, to neutralise toxic hydrogen peroxide.   (Madigan et al., 2009) Bile aesculin agar is selective and differential, black formation on the culture plate would indicate the ability of the bacterium to hydrolyse aesculin and mix with ferric citrate. (Mahon and Manuselis, 2000) The presence of bile salts will inhibit some types of bacteria like S. pyogenes and M.luteus (as seen on Table 1) Manitol is a selective media, only allowing some bacteria to tolerate it, like S. aureus   and E. faecalis. They are both able to utilise manitol by fermenting it to produce acid, thus lowering the pH the agar changes from red to a yellow colour as a result.   Incubation of S. aureus is slightly longer, and so a coagulase test can also be implemented. (Mahon and Manuselis, 2000)   Whilst haemolysis identifies pathogenic streptococci like Str. pyogenes, the manitol agar identifies pathogenic staphylococci. Also Str. pyogenes cannot grow on this agar, and so no visible colonies are formed. (Willey et al., 2008) While M. luteus has the ability to grow on manitol salt agar (visible colonies), so one would assume that it cannot utilise manitol, as there is no colour change present as it cannot produce acid. As mentioned, there are various API tests available; this experiment used an API Staph Test which identified Staphylococcus, micrococcus and kocuria genera. (CITATION)   The test kit was compared with the colour change table of the various substrates (when reagents are added) and the API test strip was marked accordingly for a positive or negative result. The test strip (Figure 1) was then compared to the identification table (Figure 2) and the unknown bacterium was identified as S. aureus. The limitations of this test is that a pure culture of bacteria must be used and that API’s are specific for a particular genera of bacteria, various API tests are available (biotech.ug.edu.pl/odl/biochem/api.html) these include an API 20E to identify Enterobacteriaceae (Willey et al., 2008) Also any experimental error like not adding reagents correctly to specific well can also give false positives, thus not correctly identifying the species. Conclusion Identification of gram positive bacteria can be achieved by carrying out various biochemical tests.   Differential media like blood agar is useful in identifying the type of haemolysis and thus the pathogenicity of various bacteria (streptococci). Selective media like manitol salt agar inhibits growth of certain bacteria like streptococci, whilst also determining the presence of particular enzymes by the end products produced, this can be observed by colour changes. Various other biochemical tests are available and can produce rapid results – like the API. The simulation of identifying bacteria in this experiment, accentuated how vital these tests are in order to treat patients effectively. However it should be noted in realistic settings further biochemical tests and the use of modern technologies may be required to correctly identify microorganisms. References Greenwood, D.; Slack, R.; Peutherer, J., Barer, M. (2007) Medical Microbiology A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited. Heritage, J., Evans, E.G.V., Killington, R.A. (1999). Introductory Microbiology. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of The University of Cambridge Madigan, M., Martinko, J., Dunlap, P., Clark, D,. (2009). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 12th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings Mahon, C.R., Manuselis, G. (2000) Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders An Imprint of Elsevier Mandal, B.K.; Wilkins, G.L.E.; Dunbar, E.M.; Mayon-White, R.T. (1996) Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Champoux, J.J.,   Drew, W.L., Neidhardt, F.C., Plorde, J.J.(2004) Sherris Medical Microbiology. 4th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Willey, J.; Sherwood, L., Woolverton, C. (2008) Prescott, Harley, and Klein’s Microbiology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Globalization Influence on General Electric Research Paper - 5

Globalization Influence on General Electric - Research Paper Example Ideally, GE relies on its engineers and research scientists for continued growth and given that these people are from different backgrounds, then this brings about cultural differences. Due to these cultural differences, then these experts need to be managed in a different manner. However, the management at GE feels that their well-established processes are capable of adopting all these people and make sure that they fit into the organization’s processes and hence ensure that it has continued success. However, this has not been the case and the company’s shares have been plummeting since the exit of Jack Welch, the company’s former CEO who was credited with introducing numerous management practices that insured success for the organization (Hill, 2010). Since the exit of Welch, the company has tried to come with a one fit all strategy to handle its staff. With the business environment becoming more complex in the United States, GE has been forced to turn to China where there is a guarantee of constant business for the conglomerate. However, this has not borne many fruits since the management did not try to come up with new management practices but rather adopted its traditional way of doing business in America. This was not actually what the management expected (Morrison, 2012). In order to deal with the arising changes in its Chinese firm, GE sacked all the expatriate managers since it felt like they were not performing. Naturally, when GE replaced the expatriate executives, the new ones that they exported also failed to deliver the expected results and it took so long for the company to get on its own feet. However, the Chinese firm has not been successful and in the next few years after inception, it experienced numerous unwarranted expenses that drove up the operating cost significantly.